It has been a poor week for German economic news.
On Friday, we learned that industrial production in February – excluding energy and construction – had fallen.
The previous day, new official data showed that manufacturing orders also declined in the same month.
At the start of the week, another survey of the same sector reported new orders and export sales “falling at rates not seen since the global financial crisis”.
We look at what’s gone wrong for the German industrial machine.
How bad is the German economic situation?
There’s no question that the German economy has hit a difficult patch. The widest measure of economic activity, gross domestic product (GDP), declined in the third quarter of last year by 0.2% and failed to grow in the following three months.
In terms of recession, as widely defined (two consecutive quarters of contraction), that is a very near miss indeed.
That said, the jobs market in Germany is still in pretty decent health. The unemployment rate is one of the lowest in the world at 3.1%.
Among the rich countries, only the Czech Republic, Iceland and Japan have lower figures. Germany’s unemployment rate has continued to decline during this period of weak GDP performance.
Another way of looking at it is the employment rate – the percentage of the working age population who do have jobs (or self-employment). That continued to grow in the last two quarters of 2018; by 0.2% in each period.
It’s also worth noting that other business surveys this week have been much more upbeat, pointing to continued expansion in services and construction.
But manufacturing is going through a more difficult spell.
What about the rest of the eurozone?
Growth in the the eurozone as a whole has slowed.
In part, that reflects Germany’s situation. It accounts for 29% of eurozone economic activity, so weakness in Germany drags down the average even if nothing changes anywhere else.
Some eurozone countries don’t seem to have lost momentum to any great extent so far. Among the large economies Spain is the obvious example.
But others have had a setback, notably Italy, which is in recession.
The country has a persistent problem with weak growth. Growth has never been strong and went into reverse last year. In fact, the Italian economy is still smaller than it was before the financial crisis a decade ago.
Eurozone unemployment varies widely. It is down from the highest levels it reached during the eurozone crisis, very sharply in some cases.
But at 7.8%, it is still fairly high. Unemployment is still in double figures in three countries: Italy, Spain and Greece, where the figure is 18%.
Why are Germany and the eurozone struggling?
The recovery after the eurozone financial crisis was never that strong.
But in the last year or so, the region has been hit by adverse trade winds. It matters particularly to Germany, which is Europe’s leading goods exporter and number three globally (after China and the US).
There are several factors. China’s economic slowdown has weakened demand for foreign goods and it’s an important market for Germany.
President Trump’s tariffs on steel and aluminium are also an issue. Looking ahead the possibility that he might impose tariffs on cars could do a lot more damage to Germany.
The uncertainty associated with Brexit is also a factor mentioned by German firms in their survey responses.
There have also been some temporary factors that have contributed to Germany’s problems.
New emissions testing procedures set back car production last year and low water levels on the Rhine restricted cargo traffic for a time. The river is a very important transport route for German industry.
Can the European Central Bank do anything?
Using economic policy to tackle this slowdown is challenging. The options available to policymakers are seriously constrained.
The European Central Bank (ECB) already has interest rates at or close to the lowest level they can be. Its main rate is zero and one – the deposit rate for money held overnight for commercial banks – is even lower; it’s negative.
The ECB halted its “quantitative easing” policy of buying financial assets with newly created money at the end of last year.
Reviving them is certainly possible, but there are complications.
For some types of asset the ECB is approaching the maximum amount it wants to hold – to avoid distorting the market too much.
And politically it would be difficult especially in Germany where the programme was always viewed with unease.
“Printing money” as the programme is sometimes called can conjure up fears of high inflation and Germany has had seriously disruptive episodes of that in the first half of the twentieth century.
What about governments?
Another option to stimulate economic activity in a slowdown is the government finances: tax cuts or spending increases.
Many economists would argue that Germany has the scope to do that.
The government currently spends less than it collects in taxes. But it is reluctant to use its finances as a stimulus.
There are legal restrictions in German law and the whole thrust of eurozone policy on government finances has been affected by the experience of the government debt crisis earlier in the decade.
Even if Germany does have some room in principle to use its finances to stimulate the economy, others have less.
The most recent assessment by the European Commission concluded that there was still a need for “prudent” policies to ensure the sustainability of government finances.
Some, critics, however think that the EU’s rules for eurozone government finances are too restrictive.