Scientists have compiled the world’s oldest family tree from human bones interred at a 5,700-year-old tomb in the Cotswolds, UK.
Analysis of DNA from the tomb’s occupants revealed the people buried there were from five continuous generations of one extended family.
Most of those found in the tomb were descended from four women who all had children with the same man.
The right to use the site was based on descent from one man.
But people were buried in different parts of the tomb based on the first-generation matriarch they were descended from.
This suggests that the first-generation women held a socially significant place in the memories of this community. The Neolithic tomb, or “cairn”, at Hazleton North in Gloucestershire has two L-shaped chambers, one facing north and the other south.
Co-author Prof David Reich, from Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, who led the generation of ancient DNA from the remains, explained: “Two of the women, all of their children are in the south chamber – and their kids up to the fifth generation.
“And then the other two women, their kids are primarily in the north chamber – although some of them switch to the south chamber later in the use life of the tomb – probably reflecting the collapse of the north passage which meant it wasn’t possible to bury there anymore.”
Dr Chris Fowler of Newcastle University, UK, the first author and lead archaeologist in the study, said: “This is of wider importance because it suggests that the architectural layout of other Neolithic tombs might tell us about how kinship operated at those tombs.”
The tomb dates to an important period just after farming was introduced to Britain by people whose ancestors had – several thousand years earlier – spread through Europe from Anatolia (modern Turkey) and the Aegean. The work will help researchers understand family dynamics among these Stone Age people and learn more about their culture.
“Hopefully this will be the first of many such studies,” said Prof Reich. “It really makes vivid the lives of these people… who lived in this place a very long time ago.”
There are also indications that “stepsons” were adopted into the family, the researchers say – males whose mother was buried in the tomb but not their biological father, and whose mother had also had children with a male related to the original founder.
Missing women
While two female family members who died in childhood were buried in the tomb, the complete absence of adult daughters suggests that their remains were placed either in the tombs of male partners with whom they had children, or elsewhere.
“There are missing women. So the question – because men and women are born at about the same rate – is where they are. It’s a mystery – and it’s not that they’re in the next tomb over because overall the whole community is missing them,” said Prof Reich.
“Are people cremated? There are some cremation practices. Are people disposed of in different ways in the landscape or are we seeing only people who achieve a certain social status?”
While the tomb reveals evidence of polygyny – men having children with multiple women – it also shows that polyandry was also widespread: women having children with multiple men.
Different women who had children with one man tended not to be related to one another. But in cases where women procreated with more than one man, those men tended to be close relatives.
Iñigo Olalde, from the University of the Basque Country, Spain, who was the lead geneticist for the study and its co-first author, said: “The excellent DNA preservation at the tomb and the use of the latest technologies in ancient DNA recovery and analysis allowed us to uncover the oldest family tree ever reconstructed and analyse it to understand something profound about the social structure of these ancient groups.”